Machine Learning Interview Questions 

Machine learning Interview Questions

Machine learning Interview Questions

1. What Was the Purpose of Machine Learning?

The most straightforward response is to make our lives easier. Many systems employed hardcoded rules of "if" and "otherwise" decisions to process data or change user input in the early days of "intelligent" applications. Consider a spam filter, which is responsible for moving appropriate incoming email messages to a spam folder.

However, using machine learning algorithms, we provide enough information for the data to learn and find patterns.

Unlike traditional challenges, we don't need to define new rules for each machine learning problem; instead, we simply need to utilise the same approach but with a different dataset.

 

 

2. What Are Machine Learning Algorithms and What Are Their Different Types?

Machine learning algorithms come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Here's a list of them organised by general category: Whether or if they are taught under human supervision (Supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning)

The criteria in the figure below are not mutually exclusive; we can combine them in any way we see fit.

 

3. What is Supervised Learning and How Does It Work?

Supervised learning is a machine learning algorithm that uses labelled training data to infer a function. A series of training examples makes up the training data.

 

01 as an example

 

Knowing a person's height and weight can help determine their gender. The most popular supervised learning algorithms are shown below.

 

Vector Support Machines (SVMs)

Regression

Bayesian naive

Trees of Decision

Neural Networks and the K-nearest Neighbour Algorithm

02 as an example

 

If you're interested in learning more, Create a T-shirt classifier with labels such as "this is an S, this is an M, and this is an L," based on S, M, and L examples shown in the classifier.

 

4. What is Unsupervised Learning and How Does It Work?

Unsupervised learning is a sort of machine learning method that searches for patterns in a set of data. There is no dependent variable or label to forecast in this case. Algorithms for Unsupervised Learning:

Clustering, Anomaly Detection, Neural Networks, and Latent Variable Models are some of the techniques used to detect anomalies.
Example:

A T-shirt clustering, for example, will be divided into "collar style and V neck style," "crew neck style," and "sleeve types."

 

5. What does 'Naive' mean in the context of a Naive Bayes model?

The Naive Bayes technique is a supervised learning algorithm that is naive since it assumes that all qualities are independent of each other by applying Bayes' theorem.

Given the class variable y and the dependent vectors x1 through xn, Bayes' theorem states the following relationship:

P(yi

=P | x1,..., xn) (yi) P(x1,..., xn | yi)(P)(P)(P)(P)(P)(P)(P)(P)( (x1,..., xn)

Using the naive conditional independence assumption that each xi is independent, we can simplify this relationship to:

P(xi | yi, x1,..., xi-1, xi+1,...., xn) = P(xi | yi) = P(xi | yi) = P(xi | yi) = P(xi | yi) = P(xi | yi) = P(xi | yi

We can apply the following classification rule because P(x1,..., xn) is a constant given the input:

ni=1 P(yi | x1,..., xn) = P(y)

P(xi | yi)P(x1,...,xn) and we can also estimate P(yi)and P(yi | xi) using Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) estimation. The former is then the relative frequency of class y in the training set.

P(yi | x1,..., xn) P(yi | x1,..., xn) P(yi | x ni=1P(xi | yi) P(yi) ni=1P(xi | yi)

max P y = arg arg arg arg arg arg arg arg (yi)

ni=1P(xi | yi) ni=1P(xi | yi) ni=1P(

The assumptions that different naive Bayes classifiers make about the distribution of P(yi | xi) vary a lot: Bernoulli, binomial, Gaussian, and so on.

 

6. What exactly is PCA? When are you going to use it?

The most frequent method for dimension reduction is principal component analysis (PCA).

PCA measures the variation in each variable in this situation (or column in the table). It discards the variable if there is little variance.

As a result, the dataset is easier to understand. PCA is employed in a variety of fields, including finance, neuroscience, and pharmacology.

It can be handy as a preprocessing step, especially when characteristics have linear relationships.

 

7. Describe the SVM Algorithm in depth.

A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning model that can do linear and non-linear classification, regression, and even outlier detection.

Assume we've been given some data points, each of which belongs to one of two classes, and our goal is to distinguish between the two groups using a collection of examples.

A data point in SVM is represented as a p-dimensional vector (a list of p numbers), and we wanted to see whether we could separate them using a (p-1)-dimensional hyperplane. This

A linear classifier is what it's called.

The data is classified using a variety of hyperplanes. To select the best hyperplane that indicates the greatest distance between the two classes.
If such a hyperplane exists, it is referred to as a maximum-margin hyperplane, and the linear classifier that it creates is referred to as a maximum margin classifier. The optimum hyperplane for dividing H3 data.

We have data (x1, y1),..., (xn, yn), and several features (xii,..., xip), with yi being 1 or -1.

The set of points satisfying the hyperplane's equation H3 is called the hyperplane's equation.

x-b = 0 w.

Where w is the hyperplane's normal vector. The offset of the hyperplane from the original along the normal vector w is determined by the parameter b||w||.

As a result,

each i, either xiis in the hyperplane of 1 or -1. Basically, xisatisfies:

w . xi - b = 1 or w. xi - b = -1

 

8. What are SVM Support Vectors?

A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is an algorithm that tries to fit a line (or plane or hyperplane) between the distinct classes that maximises the distance between the line and the classes' points.

It tries to find a strong separation between the classes in this way. The Support Vectors are the points on the dividing hyperplane's edge, as seen in the diagram below.

 

9. What Are SVM's Different Kernels?

In SVM, there are six different types of kernels:

When data is linearly separable, a linear kernel is utilised.

When you have discrete data with no natural idea of smoothness, you can use a polynomial kernel.

Create a decision boundary with a radial basis kernel that can perform a far better job of

The linear kernel is less effective in separating two classes.

The sigmoid kernel is a neural network activation function.

 

10.What is Cross-Validation, and how does it work?

Cross-validation is a technique for dividing your data into three sections: training, testing, and validation. The data is divided into k subsets, and the model has been trained on k-1 of them. he final selection will be used for testing. This is repeated for each subgroup. This is referred to as k-fold cross-validation. Finally, the ultimate score is calculated by averaging the scores from all of the k-folds.

 

11. What is Machine Learning Bias?

Data bias indicates that there is inconsistency in the data. Inconsistency can occur for a variety of causes, none of which are mutually exclusive.

For example, to speed up the hiring process, a digital giant like Amazon built a single engine that will take 100 resumes and spit out the top five candidates to hire.

The software was adjusted to remove the prejudice after the company noticed it wasn't providing gender-neutral results.

 

12. What is the difference between regression and classification?

Classification is used to provide discrete outcomes, as well as to categorise data into specified categories.
Classifying emails into spam and non-spam groups, for example.

Regression, on the other hand, works with continuous data.
Predicting stock prices, for example.

At a specific point in time, pricing.

The term "classification" refers to the process of categorising the output into a set of categories.
Is it going to be hot or cold tomorrow, for example?

Regression, on the other hand, is used to forecast the connection that data reflects.
What will the temperature be tomorrow, for example?

 

13. What is the difference between precision and recall?

Precision and recall are two metrics that can be used to assess the effectiveness of machine learning deployment. However, they are frequently employed at the same time.

Precision solves the question, "How many of the things projected to be relevant by the classifier are genuinely relevant?"

Recall, on the other hand, responds to the query, "How many of all the actually relevant objects are found by the classifier?"

Precision, in general, refers to the ability to be precise and accurate. As a result, our machine learning model will follow suit. If your model must predict a set of items in order to be useful. How many of the items are genuinely important?

The Venn diagram below depicts the relationship between precision and accuracy recall Precision and recall can be defined mathematically as follows:

accuracy = number of happy accurate responses divided by the total number of items returned by the ranker # joyful accurate answers/# total relevant answers = recall

 

14. What Should You Do If You're Overfitting or Underfitting?

Overfitting occurs when a model is too well suited to training data; in this scenario, we must resample the data and evaluate model accuracy using approaches such as k-fold cross-validation. Where as in the case of Underfitting, we are unable to understand or capture patterns from the data, we must either tweak the algorithms or input more data points to the model.

 

15. What is a Neural Network and How Does It Work?

It's a simplified representation of the human mind. It has neurons that activate when it encounters anything similar to the brain.

The various neurons are linked by connections that allow information to travel from one neuron to the next.

17. What is the difference between a Loss Function and a Cost Function? What is the main distinction between them?
When computing loss, we just consider one data point, which is referred to as a loss function.

When determining the sum of error for multiple data, the cost function is used. There isn't much of a difference.

To put it another way, a loss function captures the difference between actual and predicted values for a single record, but a cost function aggregates the difference for multiple records.

the whole training set

Mean-squared error and Hinge loss are the most widely utilised loss functions.

The Mean-Squared Error (MSE) is a measure of how well our model predicted values compared to the actual values.

MSE (Mean Squared Error) = (predicted value - actual value)

2
Hinge loss is a technique for training a machine learning classifier.

max L(y) = max L(y) = max L(y) = max (0,1- yy)

Where y = -1 or 1 indicating two classes and y represents the output form of the classifier. The most common cost function represents the total cost as the sum of the fixed costs and the variable costs in the equation y = mx + b

 

17. What is Ensemble learning?

Ensemble learning is a method that combines multiple machine learning models to create more powerful models.

There are many reasons for a model to

Make an impression. The following are a few reasons:

Various Populations
Various Hypotheses
Various modelling techniques
We will encounter an error when working with the model's training and testing data. Bias, variance, and irreducible error are all possible causes of this inaccuracy.

The model should now always have a bias-variance trade-off, which we term a bias-variance trade-off.

This trade-off can be accomplished by ensemble learning.

There are a variety of ensemble approaches available, but there are two general strategies for aggregating several models:

Bagging is a natural approach for generating new training sets from an existing one.
Boosting, a more elegant strategy, is used to optimise the optimum weighting scheme for a training set, similar to bagging.

 

18. How do you know which Machine Learning algorithm should I use?

It is entirely dependent on the data we have. SVM is used when the data is discrete. We utilise linear regression if the dataset is continuous.

As a result, there is no one-size-fits-all method for determining which machine learning algorithm to utilise; it all depends on the exploratory data analysis (EDA).

EDA is similar to "interviewing" a dataset. We do the following as part of our interview:

Sort our variables into categories like continuous, categorical, and so on.
Use descriptive statistics to summarise our variables.
Use charts to visualise our variables.
Choose one best-fit algorithm for a dataset based on the above observations.

 

19. How Should Outlier Values Be Handled?

An outlier is a dataset observation that is significantly different from the rest of the dataset. Tools are used to find outliers Z-score in a box plot
Scatter plot, for example.
To deal with outliers, we usually need to use one of three easy strategies:

We can get rid of them.
They can be labelled as outliers and added to the feature set.
Similarly, we can change the characteristic to lessen the impact of the outlier.

 

20.What is a Random Forest, exactly? What is the mechanism behind it?

Random forest is a machine learning method that can be used for both regression and classification.

Random forest, like bagging and boosting, operates by merging a number of different tree models. Random forest creates a tree using a random sample of the test data columns.

The steps for creating trees in a random forest are as follows:

Take a sample size from the population. data for training
Begin by creating a single node.
From the start node, run the following algorithm:
Stop if the number of observations is less than the node size.
Choose variables at random.
Determine which variable does the "best" job of separating the data.
Dividing the observations into two nodes is a good idea.
On each of these nodes, run step 'a'.

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Artificial Intelligence Interview Questions

Artificial Intelligence Interview Questions

Artificial Intelligence Interview Questions

1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) and how does it work?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating intelligent computers or computer systems that can mimic human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence-enabled devices can function and behave like humans without the need for human involvement. Artificial Intelligence applications include speech recognition, customer service, recommendation engines, and natural language processing (NLP).

Since its inception, AI research has experimented with and rejected a variety of approaches, including brain mimicking, human problem-solving modeling, formal logic, enormous knowledge libraries, and animal behavior imitation. In the first decades of the twenty-first century, highly mathematical-statistical machine learning dominated the field. The numerous sub-fields of AI study are based on distinct goals and the use of specific approaches. Reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, and learning are all skills that may be learned.

Traditional AI research goals include natural language processing, perception, and the capacity to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is one of the field's long-term aims (the capacity to solve any problem). To deal with these challenges, AI researchers have adopted and incorporated a variety of problem-solving tools, such as search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and statistics, probability, and economics methodologies. AI also draws on a variety of disciplines, including psychology, linguistics, and philosophy.

 

2. What are some examples of AI applications in the real world?

Face detection and verification are the most popular uses of Artificial Intelligence in social networking. Your social media stream is also designed using artificial intelligence and machine learning. Online buying with a personal touch: Algorithms powered by artificial intelligence are used on shopping platforms. to compile a list of shopping suggestions for users They provide a list of suggestions based on data such as the user's search history and recent orders.

Agriculture: Technologies, particularly Artificial Intelligence integrated systems, assist farmers in protecting their crops against a variety of threats such as weather, weeds, pests, and price fluctuations.

Another example of a real-world application of AI is smart automobiles. When the autopilot mode is turned on, artificial intelligence receives data from a car's radar, camera, and GPS to control the vehicle.

Healthcare: Artificial Intelligence has proven to be a trustworthy ally for doctors. They aid medical practitioners in every manner conceivable, from sophisticated testing to medical suggestions.

 

3. What are the various Artificial Intelligence (AI) development platforms?

Several software systems are available for the advancement of AI

Amazon's artificial intelligence services
Tensorflow
Google's artificial intelligence services
Azure AI platform by Microsoft
Infosys Nia
Watson is an IBM product.
H2O\sPolyaxon\sPredictionIO

 

4. What are the Artificial Intelligence programming languages?

Python, LISP, Java, C++, and R are some of the Artificial Intelligence programming languages.

 

5. What does Artificial Intelligence have in store for the future?

Artificial intelligence has had a significant impact on many people and industries, and it is anticipated to continue to do so in the future. Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and robotics have all been propelled forward by artificial intelligence. In a fraction of a second, AI can harness the power of a tremendous amount of data and make an optimal judgment, which is nearly difficult for a regular human to do. Cancer research, cutting-edge climate change solutions, smart transportation, and space exploration are all areas where AI is leading the way. It has taken a long time.

It is at the forefront of computing innovation and development, and it is unlikely to relinquish its position shortly. Artificial Intelligence will have a greater impact on the globe than anything else in human history.

 

6. What types of Artificial Intelligence are there?

Artificial Intelligence is divided into seven categories. These are the following:
Weak AI, often known as narrow AI, is designed to execute specific tasks. They can't go above and beyond what they're capable of. Weak AI or limited AI is exemplified by Apple's Siri and IBM's Watson. General AI can perform any intellectual work in the same way that humans can. There is currently no system in the world that can be classified as general AI. However, researchers are concentrating their efforts on developing AI gadgets that can do activities similar to those performed by humans. as well as people.

Super AI is the level of Artificial Intelligence at which it surpasses human intelligence and performs tasks more efficiently than humans. Super AI is still a far-fetched idea. Reactive Machines- These machines react as quickly as feasible in a given condition. They don't have any memories or experiences to store. Some examples of reactive machines include IBM's Deep Blue system and Google's Alpha go. These gadgets have limited memory and can only store experiences for a short period. Smart automobiles, for example, keep for a limited period the information of adjacent cars, such as their speed, speed limit, and route information.

The machine hypothesis vs. the theory of mind Artificial intelligence (AI) is a theoretical idea. They might be able to help. to have a better understanding of human emotions, values, and society, and possibly be able to engage with humans Self-awareness, self-awareness, self-awareness, self-awareness, self-awareness The future of AI is AI. These machines are expected to be super-intelligent, with their mind, emotions, and sense of self-awareness.

 

7. What is the term "overfitting"?

When a data point does not fit against its training model, it is referred to as overfitting in data science. When feeding data into the rainy model, there's a chance it'll run into some noise that doesn't fit into the statistical model. This occurs when the algorithm is unable to perform accurately in the presence of unknown data.

 

8. What is the relationship between artificial intelligence and machine learning?

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are two widely used terms that are sometimes misinterpreted. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that allows machines to emulate human intelligence and behavior. Machine Learning, on the other hand, is a subset of Artificial Intelligence that entails feeding computers with data so that they can learn from all of the patterns and models on their own. Artificial Intelligence is typically implemented using Machine Learning models.

Building a computer program that implements a set of domain expert-developed rules, for example, is one technique to approach AI. Machine Learning is part of Artificial Intelligence (AI) (ML). The study of inventing and applying algorithms for machine learning (ML) is known as machine learning.

can apply what they've learned in the past. If you've observed a pattern of behavior before, you can predict whether or not it'll happen again.

For example, if you want to create a program that can recognize an animal simply by looking at it, you'll need to utilize a machine-learning algorithm that can predict the animal in the image based on millions of photographs in the database. The algorithm examines all of the photographs and assigns a classification to each one based on its characteristics (color of pixels, for instance).

 

9. What is Deep Learning, and how does it work?

Deep learning is a kind of machine learning that use artificial neural networks to solve difficult problems. The artificial neural network (ANN) is a concept influenced by data processing and machine learning. Neurons are dispersed communication nodes found in human brains. It offers deep learning the ability to examine an issue and solve it in the same way that a human brain would in that situation. In deep learning, the term 'deep' refers to the number of hidden layers in the neural network. Deep learning models are constructed in such a way that they can train and manage themselves.

The deep neural network in the diagram above receives data via an input layer. A hidden layer separates the algorithm's input and output, with the function applying weights to the inputs and guiding them through an activation function as the output. A Deep neural network's activation functions can differ. A Sigmoid Function, for example, can

Take any input and generate a number between 0 and 1 as a result. The network's final layer, the output layer, takes the information acquired from the hidden layer and converts it to a final value.

In a nutshell, the hidden layers make nonlinear modifications to the inputs of the network. The hidden layers are determined by the neural network's purpose, and the layers themselves might vary depending on their associated weights.

 

10. What are the various kinds of machine learning? 

Supervised Learning: The simplest sort of machine learning is supervised learning. It's used to feed labeled data to the machine to train it. A collection of samples that have been labeled with one or more labels is referred to as labeled data (information tags).

The machine is fed the labeled data one by one until it recognizes the data on its own. It's the equivalent of a teacher attempting to teach a child all of the different labeled cards in a deck of cards one by one. In supervised learning, the data is the instructor. Unsupervised Learning: It's noteworthy to note that unsupervised learning is the polar opposite of supervised learning. It's for data that doesn't have any labels or information tags. The algorithm is fed a large amount of data. tools for deciphering data attributes The data will be organized by the machine into clusters, classes, or groups that make sense. This learning model excels at taking a large amount of random data as an input and making sense of it.

The reinforcement learning model is derived from the above-mentioned learning models. It's a type of model that learns from its errors. When we put a reinforcement learning model in any situation, it makes a lot of errors. To promote positive learning and make our model efficient, we offer a positive feedback signal when the model performs well and a negative feedback signal when it makes errors.

 

11. What are some of the common misunderstandings concerning AI? 

The following are some common misunderstandings about artificial intelligence:

The truth is far from the statement that machines learn from themselves. Machines have not yet reached the point where they can make their own decisions. Machine learning is a technique that allows computers to learn and improve based on their experiences rather than having to be explicitly programmed. The construction of computer programs that can access data and learn on their own is what machine learning is all about.

Artificial Intelligence is the same as Machine Learning; yet, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are not the same things. Artificial intelligence is concerned with developing technologies that can mimic human intelligence, whereas machine learning is a subset of AI that is concerned with developing programs that can learn on their own. Data should be analyzed and learned from, and then decisions should be made.

Artificial Intelligence will supplant humans- There is a chance that AI's skills could soon rival or perhaps surpass human intelligence. However, it is a work of fiction to claim that AI will take over humans. Human intelligence is designed to be complemented, not enslaved, by AI. 

 

12. What is Q-learning, and how does it work?

Q Learning is a model-free learning policy that determines the optimum course of action in a given environment based on the agent's location (an agent is an entity that makes a decision and enables AI to be put into action). The nature and predictions of the environment are used to learn and move forward in a model-free learning policy. It does not encourage a system to learn; instead, it employs the trial-and-error method.

The purpose of the model is to determine the best course of action in the given situation. It may invent its own set of rules or act outside of the policy that has been established for it to follow to do this. This indicates that there isn't one. It's considered off-policy since there's no practical need for a policy. In Q-learning, the agent's experience is kept in the Q table, and the value in the table represents the long-term reward value of performing a specific action in a given scenario. According to the Q table, the Q learning algorithm may tell the Q agent what action to take in a given situation to maximize the projected reward.

 

12. Which assessment is utilized to determine a machine's intelligence? Please explain.

The Turing test is a method of determining whether or not a machine can think like a human. Alan Turing invented the computer in 1950.

The Turing Test is similar to a three-player interrogation game. There is a human interrogator on the scene. He must question two other participants, one a machine and the other a person. By asking questions, the interrogator must determine which of the two is a computer. The computer must do all possible to avoid being mistaken for a human. If the machine is difficult to differentiate from a human, it will be termed intelligent.

Consider the case below: Player

A is a computer, B is a human, and C is the interrogator. The interrogator recognizes that one of them is a robot, but he must determine which one. Because all players communicate via keyboard and screen, the machine's ability to convert words into speech has no bearing on the outcome. The exam outcome is determined by how closely the responses resemble those of a human, not by the number of correct answers. The computer has complete freedom to force the interrogator to make a false identification.

This is how a question-and-answer session might go: Are you a computer, interrogator?

No, Player A (computer).

Multiply two enormous integers, such as (256896489*456725896), with the interrogator.

Player A- After a long period,

After a little pause, he provides the incorrect response.

In this game, if an interrogator cannot detect the difference between a machine and a human, the computer passes the test and is considered intelligent and capable of thinking like a human. This game is commonly referred to as an 'imitation game.'

 

13. What is AI's Computer Vision?

In the discipline of AI, computer vision allows computers to extract meaningful interpretations from images or other visual stimuli and take action based on that information. The ability to think is provided by AI, and the ability to observe is provided by computer vision. Human vision and computer vision are quite similar.

The core of today's computer vision algorithms is pattern recognition. We use a lot of visual data to train computers—images are processed, things are identified, and patterns are discovered in those items. For example, if we give the computer a million images of flowers, it will analyze them, uncover patterns that are common to all flowers, and create a model "flower" at the end of the process. the final stage of the procedure As a result, the computer will be able to tell whether a certain image is a flower every time we send it a photo. Many aspects of our life are affected by computer vision.
Computer vision is used in Apple Photos, Facial Recognition systems, self-driving cars, augmented reality, and other applications. 

 

14. What are Bayesian networks, and how do they work?

A Bayesian network is an acyclic graph that represents a probabilistic graphical model based on a collection of variables and their dependencies. Bayesian networks are built on probability distributions and use probability theory to predict events and discover abnormalities. Prediction, detection of abnormalities, reasoning, acquiring insights, diagnostics, and decision-making are all tasks that Bayesian networks are employed for. For instance, a Bayesian network might be used to show the likelihood of relationships between diseases and symptoms. The network could be used to predict the presence of specific diseases based on symptoms.

 

15. What is Reinforcement Learning and how does it function?

Reinforcement learning is a branch of machine learning that focuses on reward-based prediction models. s well as decision-making It uses a feedback-based system to reward a machine for making smart decisions. When a machine does not perform well, it receives negative feedback. This encourages the system to identify the most appropriate response to a given situation. In Reinforcement Learning, unlike supervised learning, the agent learns independently using feedback and no tagged data. Because there is no labeled data, the agent is forced to learn solely from their own experience. RL is used to solve problems that need sequential decision-making and are long-term in nature, such as game-playing, robotics, and so on. On its own, the agent interacts with and explores the world. The basic purpose of an agent in reinforcement learning is to learn as much as possible.

Obtain the most positive rewards to boost performance. The agent learns via trial and error and increases its ability to execute the task as a result of its experience.

The best way to understand reinforcement learning is to use the example of a dog. When a dog's owner wants to instill good behavior in his dog, he will use a treat to train him to do so. If the dog obeys his owner, he will be rewarded with a goodie. If he disobeys the owner, the owner will utilize negative reinforcement by withholding his dog's favorite treat. The dog will associate the habit with the treat in this manner. This is how reinforcement learning functions.

 

16. In Artificial Intelligence, how many different sorts of agents are there?

Simple Reflex Agents: Simple reflex agents act just on the current circumstance, disregarding the environment's past and interactions with it.

Model-Based Reflex Agents: These models see the environment through the lenses of specified models. This model also keeps track of internal conditions, which can be modified in response to environmental changes. Goal-Based Agents: These agents react to the goals that have been set for them. Their ultimate goal is to achieve it. If a multiple-choice option is presented to the agent, it will choose the option that will get it closer to the goal.

Agents with a Utility: Reaching the desired outcome isn't always enough. You must take action.

the safest, simplest, and cheapest route to the destination Utility-based agents chose actions depending on the choices' utilities (preferences set).

Agents that can learn from their experiences are known as learning agents.

 

17. Describe Markov's decision-making process.

A mathematical method of reinforcement learning is Markov's decision process (MDP). The Markov decision process (MDP) is a mathematical framework for solving issues with partially random and partially controlled outcomes. The following essential things are required to solve a complex problem using Markov's decision process: 

Agent- The agent is a fictional being that we will train. An agent, for example, is a robot that will be trained to assist with cooking.

The agent's surroundings are referred to as the environment. The kitchen is a wonderful place to be. In the case of the aforementioned robot, the environment. The agent's current circumstance is referred to as the state (S). So, in the instance of the robot, the position of the robot, its temperature, its posture, and other factors all contribute to the robot's condition.

The robot can go left or right, or it can transfer onion to the chef, to name a few of the actions the agent (robot) can perform.

The policy () is the justification for performing a specific action.

Reward (R) - The agent receives a reward for performing a desirable action.

The value (V) is the potential future reward that the agent could obtain.

The workings of Markov's model can be deduced from the following.

 

18. What exactly do you mean when you say "reward maximization"?

Reinforcement learning employs the technique of reward maximization. Reinforcement learning is a subset of AI algorithms that consists of three major components: a learning environment, agents, and rewards. By completing activities, the agent changes its own and the environment's state. The agent is rewarded or penalized based on how much their actions affect the agent's ability to achieve the goal. Many reinforcement learning problems start with the agent having no past knowledge of the environment and doing random actions. Based on the feedback it receives, the agent learns to optimize its actions and adopt policies that maximize its reward.

The goal is to use optimal policies to maximize the agent's reward and activity. This is it.

Known as "reward maximization." Any ability that the agent's environment frequently requests must eventually be implemented in the agent's behavior if it is to increase its cumulative reward. While optimizing its reward, a successful reinforcement learning agent could eventually learn perception, language, social intelligence, and other talents.

 

19. Describe the Hidden Markov Model in detail.

The Hidden Markov model is a probabilistic model that can be used to determine the probability of any given occurrence. An observed event is said to be linked to a set of probability distributions. The fundamental purpose of HMM is to find the hidden layers of the Markov's chain when a system is described as a Markov's chain. The term "hidden" refers to a state that is not visible to the naked eye. the onlooker is commonly used to represent temporal data. HMM is used in reinforcement learning, temporal pattern recognition, and other areas.

 

20. What do you mean when you say "hyperparameters"?

The parameters that regulate the entire training process are known as hyperparameters. These variables can be changed and have a significant impact on how well a model trains. They are announced ahead of time. Model hyperparameters, which refer to the model selection task and cannot be inferred while fitting the machine to the training set, and algorithm hyperparameters, which have no effect on the model's performance but affect the speed and quality of the learning process, are two types of hyperparameters.

The training procedure relies heavily on the selection of appropriate hyperparameters. Hyperparameters include activation function, alpha learning rate, hidden layers, number of epochs, number of branches in a decision tree, and so on.

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IOT Interview Question and Answers

IOT Interview Question and Answers

IOT Interview Question and Answers

1. What is IoT? (Internet of Things)

Kevin Ashton created the phrase IoT (Internet of Things) in 1999. It is a worldwide network of interconnected physical objects (also known as "things") capable of collecting and exchanging data without the need for human interaction. These devices have embedded systems (software, electronics, networks, and sensors) that can collect data about the environment, send data across a network, respond to remote orders, and conduct actions based on the information gathered. Wearables, implants, vehicles, machinery, smartphones, appliances, computing systems, and any other item that can send and receive data are all examples of IoT devices or things available today.

Big data networks, cloud-based storage and computing, and Cyber-Physical Systems can all be integrated. the Internet of Things is largely concerned with extending internet connectivity from traditional devices (such as computers, mobile phones, and tablets) to relatively simple items such as toasters. It converts old "dumb" gadgets into "smart" devices by allowing them to send data over the internet, allowing them to communicate with people and other IoT-enabled devices. 

2. What are the various components of the Internet of Things?

The following are the four major components of IoT devices:

Sensors: A sensor or device is an essential component for collecting real-time data from the environment. This data can be of various types. This could be as simple as a temperature sensor, GPS, or accelerometer on your phone, or as complex as a social media platform's live video capability. Sensors allow IoT devices to communicate with the outside world and environment.

All data is transmitted to a cloud infrastructure once it is collected. This might be accomplished by connecting the sensors to the cloud through a variety of communication channels, including mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, and so on. Various IoT devices

Different types of connectivity are used by different devices.

Data Processing: Once the data has been collected and transferred to the cloud, the data processors are responsible for processing it. From regulating the temperature of the air conditioner to identifying faces on mobile phones, data processing software may improve IoT devices in a variety of ways.

User Interface: A User Interface is how an IoT device communicates with a user. A user interface is the visible and tactile part of an IoT system that users can interact with. It entails presenting data in a way that is beneficial to the end user. Users will be more likely to interact with a well-designed user interface because it will make their experience easier. The information must be made available to everyone. end-users in some way, for as giving them notifications via email or text message.

3. What are the benefits of the Internet of Things?

An Internet of Things (IoT) system is a sophisticated automation and analytics system that combines networking, big data, sensors, and artificial intelligence to deliver a comprehensive solution. It has the following advantages:
Improved client engagement: By automating tasks, IoT enables a better customer experience. Sensors in a car, for example, will detect any problem automatically. Both the driver and the manufacturer will be alerted.
Technology has been upgraded and made more efficient thanks to the Internet of Things. It has made even ancient "dumb" gadgets "smart" by allowing them to send data via the internet, allowing them to communicate with people and other IoT-enabled equipment. Coffee machines, smart toys, smart microwaves, and other smart devices are examples.

Accessibility: The Internet of Things has made it possible to obtain real-time data from practically everywhere. All you need is an internet-connected smart device.

Better Insights: We currently make judgments based on superficial data, but IoT gives real-time data that leads to more efficient resource management.
New business prospects: You may find new business insights and generate new possibilities while lowering operational expenses by collecting and analyzing data from the network.

Time management that works: Overall, the Internet of Things can help you save a significant amount of time. We may read the latest news on our phones, peruse a blog about our favorite activity, or shop online while commuting to work.
Strengthened security

measures: Access control solutions that use IoT can give additional security. to businesses and individuals For example, IoT technology in surveillance can help a business improve security standards and spot any questionable activities.

4. What are some of the IoT's problems or risks?

Some of the security threats linked with IoT include:

IoT devices that are connected are vulnerable to hackers. Many IoT devices capture and send personal data over an open network that hackers can easily access. Cloud endpoints can potentially be used by hackers to target servers.

In a fast-paced market like the Internet of Things, many companies and manufacturers rush to release their products and software without thoroughly testing them. Many of them also fail to deliver timely updates. IoT gadgets, unlike other devices such as smartphones, are not updated, making them vulnerable to data theft. As a result, IoT devices should be rigorously examined and updated as soon as new vulnerabilities are discovered. To preserve security, they must be identified.

People are unaware of the Internet of Things, despite it being a rapidly emerging technology. The user's lack of information and awareness of the capabilities of IoT is a serious security hazard. This is dangerous for all users.

Network Connectivity: Many IoT devices struggle with network connectivity. Especially if the devices are widely scattered, in remote places, or if bandwidth is scarce.

Because of the extremely scattered nature of IoT devices, ensuring the stability of IoT systems can be problematic. Natural disasters, disruptions in cloud services, power outages, and system failures can all influence the components that make up an IoT system.

5. What are the different types of sensors in the Internet of Things?

Internet-of-Thing sensors have gained popularity in recent years as a means of increasing production, cutting costs, and boosting worker safety. Sensors are devices that detect and respond to changes in the environment's conditions. They detect specific types of circumstances in the physical world (such as light, heat, sound, distance, pressure, presence or absence of gas/liquid, and so on) and generate a signal (typically an electrical signal) to indicate their magnitude. The following sensors are frequently used in IoT systems:

Sensors for temperature
Sensor of pressure
Sensors that detect movement
Gas detector
Sensor of proximity
Infrared sensors
Sensor for smoke, etc.

6. What are the layers of the Internet of Things protocol stack? Create an IoT protocol classification.

Protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT) protect data and ensure that it is safely shared between devices via the Internet. IoT protocols specify how data is sent over the internet. They maintain the security of data shared between linked IoT devices by doing so.

7. What are the various IoT communication models?

The Internet of Things is about linking things to the Internet in general, although how they connect isn't always clear. IoT devices use technical communication models to connect and communicate. A successful communication model explains how the process works and how to communicate effectively. The Internet of Things (IoT) makes it possible for

People and objects (devices) must be able to connect from anywhere, using any network or service.

Communication model types -

The client (IoT Device) makes requests, and the server responds to those requests in this communication architecture. The server selects what response to offer after receiving a request, then retrieves the requested data, prepares the response, and sends it back to the client. Because the data between requests is not stored, this approach is stateless, and each request is handled individually.

Publisher-Subscriber Model: This communication model includes publishers, brokers, and consumers. Publishers are data sources that transmit information to topics. Consumers (who consume data from subjects) subscribe to topics, which are managed by the broker.

Publishers and customers are completely oblivious of one another. When the broker receives data on a topic from the publisher, it distributes it to all subscribers. As a result, brokers are in charge of obtaining data from publishers and forwarding it to the correct consumers.

Push-Draw Communication Paradigm: In this communication model, data producers push data into queues, while data consumers pull data from the queues. Neither the manufacturer nor the consumer needs to be aware of one another. The queues aid in the decoupling of signals between consumers and producers. Queues also serve as a buffer when the rate at which producers push data differs from the rate at which consumers pull it.

Exclusive-Pair Model: Exclusive pairs are bidirectional, full-duplex communication models established for Client-server relationships that are continual or continuous. Clients and servers can exchange messages after establishing a connection. The connection remains open as long as the client does not send a request to disconnect it. Every open connection is visible to the server.

8. Create some of the most popular IoT apps.

The following are some of the most prevalent IoT applications in the real world:

Smart Houses: One of the most practical IoT applications is smart homes. Though IoT is used at various levels in smart homes, the greatest one combines intelligent systems with entertainment. Example: Set-top box with remote recording capability, automatic lighting system, smart lock, and so on.
Connected Health: Real-time monitoring and patient care are possible with connected health systems. Patient data helps doctors make better judgments. In addition, the Internet of Things improves the power, precision, and availability of present devices.
Wearables: One of the first sectors to use IoT at scale was the wearables industry. Today, a variety of wearable gadgets are available, including Fitbits, heart rate monitors, and smartwatches are all popular options.
Connected Automobiles: Connected cars employ onboard sensors and internet connectivity to improve their operation, maintenance, and passenger comfort. Tesla, BMW, Apple, and Google are among the main automakers working on the next revolution in the automobile business.

Hospitality: Using IoT in the hotel industry results in a higher level of service quality. Using electronic keys supplied directly to guests' mobile devices, several interactions can be automated. As a result of IoT technology, integrated applications can track visitors' positions, give offers or information about fun activities, place room service or room order orders, and automatically charge the room account.

Farming: A wide range of implements are used. Drip irrigation, crop patterns, water distribution, drones for farm surveillance, and other issues were addressed. These solutions will allow farmers to enhance yields while also addressing problems.

9. Describe the Internet of Things.

IoT devices are powered by artificial intelligence. Sensors, a cloud component, data processing software, and cutting-edge user interfaces are all part of the Internet of Things.

Sensors and gadgets are connected to the cloud via some sort of connectivity in IoT systems. A Raspberry Pi with a quadcore processor can be utilized as an IoT device's "Internet gateway." It's a card-sized computer with GIPO (general purpose input/output) pins for controlling outputs and sensors for collecting data about real-world circumstances. A sensor collects real-time data from the environment and sends it to the cloud infrastructure. The software may evaluate the data once it reaches the cloud and decides what action to take, such as forwarding it. 

10. What does BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) stand for?

BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) is a sort of Bluetooth that requires less power and energy, according to beginners. BLE, or Bluetooth Smart, is a relatively new kind of Bluetooth technology that uses significantly less power and expenses while providing a comparable range of communication. BLE is not a substitute for Classic Bluetooth, as seen in the diagram, and they both serve a specific market. The Bluetooth Low Energy technology was created to help with the Internet of Things. In general, the Internet of Things is connecting objects, usually over a wireless connection such as Bluetooth low energy, so that they may communicate and share data. It has BLE has become a favored and optimal alternative for IoT because of its excellent energy economy. Bluetooth LE is increasingly being used by IoT enthusiasts and application developers to link smart devices.

11. What is the purpose of a thermocouple sensor?

A thermocouple is a temperature sensor that uses two metal parts to monitor the temperature. The temperature is taken at the intersection of these two metal pieces, which are linked at one end. The metal conductors provide a modest voltage that can be used to calculate the temperature. A thermocouple is a basic, reliable, and inexpensive temperature sensor that comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. They also have a wide temperature range, making them useful for a wide range of applications, including scientific research, industrial settings, and home appliances.

12. Define the phrase "smart city" in the context of IoT.

Since its beginnings, IoT technology has been a driving factor behind the development of smart cities. The Internet of Things (IoT) will As more countries adopt next-generation connectivity, the influence on our lives will expand. Smart cities use IoT devices like connected sensors, lights, and meters to collect and analyze data. Cities use this information to improve infrastructure, utilities, and other civic services as a result. 

The Internet of Things can be used to develop intelligent energy grids, automated waste management systems, smart homes, enhanced security systems, traffic control mechanisms, water conservation mechanisms, smart lighting, and more. IoT has given public utilities and urban planning a new layer of artificial intelligence and creativity, allowing them to be more intuitive. Smart houses and cities have resulted from these advancements.

13. What does PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mean?

Have difficulties controlling the brightness of your project's LEDs? Changing the power supply voltage directly in the circuit is difficult. In that case, you can use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), also referred to as PDM (Pulse Duration Modulation) refers to modulating the quantity of power given to a device PWM is an efficient way to manage the amount of energy given to a load without wasting any energy. It is a technique for creating an analog signal from a digital source. PWM is a voltage regulator that is used to adjust brightness in Smart Lighting Systems as well as motor speed. 

14. Describe Shodan.

Shodan (Sentient Hyper-Optimized Data Access Network) is a search engine comparable to Google that searches for maps and information about internet-connected devices and systems rather than websites. Shodan is also known as an Internet of Things search engine. Shodan, to put it simply, is an Internet-connected device identification tool. It maintains track of all machines having a direct connection to the Internet.

Shodan is a technology used by cybersecurity specialists to defend individuals, businesses, and even public utilities against cyber-attacks. Shodan allows you to search for any internet-connected device and determine whether it is publicly accessible.

15. What do you mean by Internet of Things, Contiki?

Contiki is an operating system designed for Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited memory, power, and bandwidth. and computing power Despite its simplicity, it has many of the features that current operating systems have. It can help manage programs, processes, resources, memory, and communication. It has been a go-to operating system for many academics, researchers, and professionals due to its lightweight (by modern standards), mature, and adaptable character.

16. Identify some of the best databases for IoT.

The databases listed below are suitable for IoT:

InfluxDB
Apache Cassandra
RethinkDB
MongoDB\sSqlite\s

17. Explanation about sharding

Sharding is the process of breaking down very large databases into smaller, quicker, and easier-to-manage data shards. A shard is a small slice of data from a larger data source. Sharding is the process of splitting a logical dataset into numerous databases to store it more effectively. Sharding is required when a dataset is too large to fit into a single database.

18. What exactly do you mean when you say replication?

Data is synced between two or more servers in replication. This is a technique for storing the same data on several devices. a single website or server This feature allows data to be accessed without interruption even when the server is down or there is a lot of traffic. Users have consistent access to data without interfering with or slowing down other users' access.

Data replication is much more than a backup. A publisher is a server that generates the data, and a subscriber is a server where it is duplicated. The publisher synchronizes its transaction with the subscriber and updates subscriber data automatically using data replication. A change made by the publisher is automatically reflected in the subscriber's account.

19. Explain the distinction between IoT and M2M.

Internet of Things (IoT): It's a network made up of interconnected physical items that can collect and exchange data. These devices have embedded systems (software, electronics, networks, and sensors) that can collect data about the environment, communicate data across a network, respond to remote orders, and conduct actions based on the information gathered. M2M (Machine to Machine) technology includes the Internet of Things (IoT). M2M is when two machines communicate without the need for human involvement.

M2M (Machine to Machine): In M2M, devices communicate directly with one another over wired or wireless channels without the need for human intervention. It allows devices to communicate and exchange information. without using the internet to communicate with one another M2M communications can be used for a variety of purposes, including security, tracking and tracing, manufacturing, and facility management.

20. What exactly is an IoT Gateway? What is the function of a gateway in the Internet of Things?

IoT gateways, for example, allow IoT devices, sensors, equipment, and systems to communicate with one another. An IoT gateway is essentially a central hub for all IoT devices. It links IoT devices to one other and the cloud, transforming device communication and analyzing data to provide usable information. An IoT gateway performs several key activities, including interpreting protocols, encrypting, processing, managing, and filtering data. Gateways are used to connect devices and sensors to the cloud as part of an IoT ecosystem.
The following are some of the most prevalent uses for IoT gateways:

Devices that connect
Using the cloud to connect devices
IoT communication transformation
Filtering data
lowering safety risks, etc.

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Selenium Interview Questions

Selenium Interview Questions

Selenium Interview Questions

Q. 1 What is selenium's function?

Selenium is a free open source program that automates web browser interaction and, as a result, web application testing.

Users can access web or mobile applications using a variety of web browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer, and others, as well as different versions of each web browser.

Checking the functionality, load, and performance of a web application on each web browser and their corresponding versions is a complex undertaking.

Selenium

Runs on a variety of web browsers and OS systems.

Different programming languages and testing frameworks can access it.

Selenium is a mineral that can be used for a variety of purposes.

Web applications are put to the test.

Apps for mobile devices that operate in web browsers are tested.

Carry out regression testing

Carry out functional tests

There is a headless browser option available.

It's also suitable for

scraping the internet

Provides full data capture and logging.

It also has a graphical representation.

All major programming languages are supported.

The programming languages and testing frameworks that are supported are as follows:

NUnit - NUnit - NUnit - NUnit - NU

Haskell

JUnit and TestNG are two Java testing frameworks.

WebdriverJS, WebdriverIO, NightwatchJS, and NemoJS are JavaScript libraries.

Objective-C

Perl

Behat + Mink - PHP

unit test, by unit, py. test, robot framework, Python

R

RSpec, Test::Unit, Ruby

The following web browsers are supported:

Support for Firefox Firefox is the most recent release, the most recent ESR release, and the most recent ESR release.

Versions 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 of Internet Explorer are supported. Version 11 necessitates further setup.

Safari 5.1+ is required for SafariDriver.

Opera - Opera - Opera

Starting with Opera version 26, ChromiumDriver can be used without any further configuration on Chromium-based versions of the browser.

Chrome (versions 70 and up)

Various Operating Systems

Most versions of Microsoft Windows begin with XP. 

Apple OS X is the most recent version of Apple's operating system.

Ubuntu is the most recent stable release of Linux.

 

Q. 2 What does selenium imply?

Selenium is a suite of software tools for automating web application software testing.

Selenium works with a variety of web browsers and versions. Selenium is compatible with a variety of testing frameworks and operating systems.

Selenium is primarily utilized as a catalyst as a chemical, and Selenium software tools are similarly employed as catalysts for web application testing.

 

Q. 3 What is the best programming language for selenium?

The best programming language for selenium is Java.

Because Selenium was created in the Java programming language, that's why.

You will be able to comprehend and interact with Selenium internals, which is written in Java.

As a result, the programming language most suited for selenium is Java.

 

Q.4 What is the function of the selenium driver?

The programming language bindings that connect to Selenium WebDriver are referred to as Selenium drivers.

Selenium drivers are libraries for each programming language that Selenium supports. The Selenium Webdriver API is exposed to the supported programming language via the Selenium driver or library.

The programming languages and testing frameworks that are supported are as follows:

NUnit Haskell - C#
JUnit and TestNG are two Java testing frameworks.
Objective-C Perl WebdriverJS, WebdriverIO, NightwatchJS, NemoJS JavaScript
Behat + Mink - PHP
Robot framework R, Python - unit test, by unit, py. test
RSpec, Test::Unit, Ruby
For example, the Selenium Webdriver API in C# will allow you to control Selenium from a C# program or test case.

 

Q. 5 What is the major application of selenium?

Selenium is mostly used to test web applications across several browsers and versions.

Selenium is a collection of cross-browser testing tools.

Selenium, according to its creators, automates browsers.

Popular web browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, and others.

There are several versions of each web browser.

As a result, testing across many browsers and versions is a complex undertaking, and automating it minimizes testing time and effort.

Selenium is mostly used for online and mobile application automation testing. 

 

Q. 6 In selenium, what is TestNG?

Selenium's TestNG is used to generate reports on the many tests that it runs. Selenium is a tool that automates the testing of web browser applications.

Both TestNG and Selenium are integrated to conduct automated tests for online and mobile applications, merging several tests into test suites and delivering complete test results in a variety of forms, including HTML.

TestNG is a Selenium plugin that makes it easier to generate Selenium test reports.

 

Q. 7 What is selenium and what does it do?

Selenium is a tool for automating tests. Selenium automates web application testing across numerous web browsers and versions of web browsers.

Selenium is the most common web application testing tool since it is open source and hence very popular in the open source community.

 

Q. 8 Do you think it's better to use Selenium with Java or C#?

Because Selenium was created in the Java programming language, it is better with Java.

Selenium is better integrated with Java, and software testing specialists that are familiar with Java can pick up Selenium rapidly.

Selenium supports a variety of Java frameworks.

 

Q. 9 Is Selenium with Python a good combination?

Yes, Selenium with Python adds the ability to automate web application testing to the Python programming language.

Selenium is an open-source web application testing tool that tests web applications against a variety of web browsers and versions, such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and others.

Web applications written in the Python programming language can be evaluated in a variety of browsers and versions, including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and others.

 

Q. 10 Under Selenium Grid, what is the default maximum number of browsers that can operate in parallel on a node?

a total of 5 browsers
What are the fundamentals of selenium?
Selenium Web Driver is a middleman that accepts test cases written in various programming languages such as C#, PHP, Python, and others and executes them on web browsers according to setup.

Selenium can test web applications in a variety of browsers and versions, including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and others.

Selenium supports a variety of programming languages through several "drivers" or libraries that link to the Selenium API.

 

Q. 12 What are the benefits of a linear software testing framework?

The following are some of the benefits of using a linear framework for software testing:

1. Automation knowledge is not required because we will only be using the 'Record' and 'Playback' features.

2. Test scripts are simple to write and take a short amount of time to complete.

3. Because the scripts are written in a linear format, understanding the flow is quite simple.

 

Q.13 Can you tell me about the types of tests you've automated?

The main focus is on automating test cases to do regression, smoke, and sanity testing.

The tests are sometimes depending on the project and the estimated test time, with an emphasis on End to End testing.

 

Q. 14 How do I create an Edge browser session using the right syntax? 

WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver() is the right form for creating an Edge browser session.

 

Q.15In a day, how many test cases have you automated?

This is entirely dependent on the complexity and length of the test case scenario. In a single day, I've automated 4-5 test scenarios with a low level of complexity.

However, there are instances when only two or fewer test cases are run in a day, resulting in a high level of complexity.

 

Q.16 Which domain is served by a web application?

B2C or e-commerce websites, B2B or trading websites, and organisational internal needs are all served by this web application.

 

Q.17 What do you mean when you say "framework"?

A framework can be defined as a set of rules or best practices that can be implemented methodically to accomplish desired outcomes.

It provides a variety of automation frameworks, such as

Data Driven Testing Framework, Keyword Driven Testing Framework, and Hybrid Testing Framework are all examples of testing frameworks.

 

Q.18 Is Selenium a cost-free program?

Yes, Selenium is an open-source tool for testing web applications against different web browsers and versions, such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and others.

You do not have to pay a license fee to use the tool. The tool does not have a license charge or a usage limit.

The only cost associated with Selenium is the time and money invested in learning and evaluating the tool. 

 

Q.19 In Selenium, which object prototype is utilized to extend Selenium?

Paget is a prototype object.

 

Q. 20 Have you ever designed a Framework before?

Following are some situations that can be used in response to the interview question:

1. If you're a beginner: If you're a beginner, you can clearly say "No,

I didn't get the chance to build a framework from the ground up. However, I made advantage of the framework that is already in place. Using the current framework, I primarily contributed to the creation of test cases.

2. In this example, you are a beginner with a decent understanding of framework creation: "Yes, I was active in designing framework along with other automation testers in my organization," you can begin.

3. If you're a seasoned tester, consider the following: "Yes, I have constructed framework from the ground up," you can say as an experienced professional. My previous organization did not have any automation processes."

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Top 25 Selenium interview Questions

Top 25 Selenium Interview Questions

Top 25 Selenium Interview Questions

1) Can you explain how to iterate through test script options?

Loop elements of the programming language can be used to iterate through alternatives in a test script; for example, in Java, the "for" loop can be used to type different test data in a text box.

/ in an array, test data collecting

testData = "test1," "test2," and "test3" in String[] format;

/ iterate through each set of test data

selenium.type ("elementLocator", testData) for (string s: test data);

 

2) How can you create a customised html report in the hybrid framework using TestNG?

There are three options available.

Junit: With ANT TestNG's help: To get the HTML report, use the default.html file that comes with the programme. XST reports from ANT, Selenium, and Testng combinations are also available.
Using XSL jar to convert XML material to HTML

 

3) How do you build an HTML test report from your test script?

There are three ways to build an HTML test report.

To get the HTML report, TestNG uses the inbuilt default.html file. XLST results from ANT, Selenium, and TestNG are also available.
JUnit: With the assistance of ANT
Using XSL jar to convert XML material to HTML for our own bespoke reports

 

4) How do you use the Selenium IDE to insert a break point?

Insert a break point in Selenium IDE

Right-click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Toggle break point."

Select the command in Selenium IDE by pressing "B" on the keyboard.

Selenium IDE allows you to set several break points.

 

5) How do you debug the tests in the Selenium IDE?

Place a

Set a breakpoint from the point where you wish to run the test step by step.

Execute the test case.

The execution will be interrupted at the specified break point.

Click the blue icon to move on to the next statement.

To continue performing all of the commands at once, click the "Run" button.

 

6) What is Selenese and what are its many types?

Selenese is a set of selenium commands that are used to perform the test.

Selenese comes in three varieties.

Actions: It's utilised to carry out operations and interact with the target items.
Assertions: It serves as a reference point.
Accessors are used to keep track of the values in a variable.

 

7) Describe the limitations of the Selenium IDE.

The Selenium IDE's drawbacks

There is no exceptional handling.
Selenium IDE only works with HTML languages.
The reading of external databases is not possible with IDE.
It is not feasible to read from external files such as.txt and.xls.
The execution of conditional or branching statements such as if,else, and select statements is not possible.

 

8) In Selenium IDE, what are the two view modes?

Selenium IDE can be launched as a pop-up window or from the sidebar.

 

9) What are the element locators in the Selenium IDE that can be used to locate elements on a web page?

There are primarily four locators used in selenium.

Locators for X-paths
Locators in CSS

10) Html id Html name How do you generate random numbers and dates for test data in Selenium IDE?

Using Java Script in Selenium IDE, you may generate random integers.

type

css=input#s

javascript{Math.random()}

And for

type

css=input#s

new Date() in javascript

 

11) How can any Selenium IDE test be converted from Selenese to another language?

To convert tests, utilise the format option in Selenium IDE.

 

12)Is it possible to obtain data from a specific html table column using Selenium IDE?

The command "storeTable" can be used.

Store text from cell 0,2 of an html table, for example.

 

storeTable

 

Css=#table 0.2 Css=#table 0.2 Css=#table

 

textFromCell

 

13) What can go wrong when a Selenium IDE test fails?

When the location for an element has changed and Selenium IDE is unable to locate it

The process timed out when the element Selenium IDE waiting to access did not arrive on the web page.

When the element that Selenium IDE attempted to access was not created

 

14) How do you debug the tests in the Selenium IDE?

Place a break point at the point where you want to conduct the steps one by one.

Execute the test case.

At the specified break point, the programme is executed.

will be put on hold

Click the Blue button to go to the next step.

To run many commands at once, click the run button.

 

15) How do you run a single line from the Selenium IDE?

A single line command can be executed in two ways from the Selenium IDE.

 

Right-click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Execute this command."

After selecting the command in Selenium IDE, press the "X" key on the keyboard.

 

16) In Selenium IDE, what format does source view display your script?

The source view in Selenium IDE displays your script in XML format.

 

17) In Selenium IDE, how can you insert a start point?

Selenium IDE can be configured in two ways.

Select the command in Selenium IDE by using the "S" key on the keyboard.
Right-click the command in Seleniun IDE and choose "Set / Clear Start Point."

 

18) How would you test your own element locator if you wrote it yourself?

To test the locator, use Selenium IDE's "Find Button." When you click it, an element will be highlighted on the screen if your element locator is correct, or an error will appear.

a message will be shown

 

19) What is the meaning of regular expressions? In Selenium, how do you use regular expressions?

A regular expression is a text string that is used to describe a search pattern. Regular expressions can be used with the keyword regexp: as a prefix to the value in Selenium IDE, and patterns for the expected values must be included.

 

20) What exactly is a core extension?

You can construct a Core Extension to "expand" the default capabilities given by Selenium Function Library. They're also referred to as "User Extensions." You can also get ready-made Core Extensions produced by other Selenium fans.

 

21) In Selenium, how will you handle dealing with multiple windows?

To switch between windows, we can use the selectWindow command. The title of Windows is used to determine which window to switch to with this command.

 

22) How will you validate a web element's precise position?

VerifyElementPositionLeft and verifyElementPositionTop might be used. It does a pixel comparison of the element's position from the left and top of the page, respectively.

 

23) What is the best way to retrieve a message from an alert box? 

The storeAlert command will retrieve the message from the alert popup and store it in a variable.

 

24) What is RC (Remote Control) selenium?

In terms of browser support and language support, Selenium IDE has several restrictions. RC restriction can be reduced by utilising Selenium.

For automating web applications, selenium RC is used with languages such as Java, C#, Perl, and Python on various platforms and web browsers.

Selenium RC is a java-based tool that can communicate with a web application in any language.

You can get around the restriction by using server to run your automation script against any web application.

 

25) What is the purpose of Selenium RC?

Many functionalities, like as condition statements, iteration, logging, and so on, are not directly supported by Selenium IDE. Because the IDE only supports HTML, it can't do things like report test results or handle unexpected errors. To deal with such problems, Selenium RC is utilised, and it supports languages such as Perl, Ruby, Python, and PHP. We can develop programmes in these languages to solve IDE concerns.

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Selenium Interview Question and Answers

Selenium Interview Question and Answers

Selenium Interview Question and Answers

1) What is an Object Repository, and how does it work?

An object repository is a critical component of any UI automation since it allows a tester to keep all of the objects that will be utilised in the scripts in one or more centralised locations rather than scattering them throughout the test scripts.

 

2) What is the Selenium Grid and how does it work?

The tests were delivered to the hub by Selenium Grid. These tests are routed through Selenium Webdriver, which opens the browser and runs the test. It is possible to run tests in parallel using the whole test suite.

 

3) Is Selenium grid suitable for performance testing?

Yes. However, it does not perform as well as a specialised Performance Testing tool such as Loadrunner.

 

4) What are the benefits of using Webdriver instead of Selenium Server?

You don't require the Selenium-WebDriver plugin if you're using Selenium-WebDriver.

Selenium Server is unique in that it use a completely separate technology.

Selenium Server has Selenium RC capabilities, which is needed for backwards compatibility with Selenium 1.0.

Selenium Web driver provides direct calls to browsers, taking advantage of each browser's inherent automation functionality, whereas Selenium RC relies on the selenium server injecting Javascript into the browser.

 

5) What capabilities does Selenium WebDriver or Selenium 2.0 have?

When you need better support for something, WebDriver is the way to go.

Multiple frames, pop-ups, browser windows, and notifications to manage
Page navigation and Ajax-based UI elements that can be dragged and dropped
Multi-browser testing, including better capability for Selenium 1.0 browsers that aren't well supported

 

6) What are the limitations that can be encountered while inserting capabilities in webdriver to execute tests on a browser that is not supported by a webdriver?

The "findElement" command may not perform as expected, which is a major limitation of injecting capabilities.

 

7) How can you use the Selenium Web driver to discover damaged images on a page?

The Selenium web driver can be used to find broken images on a page.

Get XPath and use tag name to get all the links on the page.
Click on each and every link on the page.

 

8) Look for the words 404/500 in the title of the destination page. How do you handle colours in a web driver?

You can use the web driver to handle colours.

By passing the 'colour' string as an argument to the getCssValue(arg0) method, you can get the colours.

 

9) How do you store a value in a text box using a web driver?

You can use the web driver to store a value in a text box by using the following command.

findElement(By.id("your Textbox")); driver.findElement(By.id("your Textbox")); driver.findElement(By.

sendKeys("your keyword"); sendKeys("your keyword"); sendKeys("your keyword

 

10) Can you explain how you can change frames?

The [driver.switchTo().frame()] method in webdrivers takes one of three arguments to switch between frames.

 

a figure: It chooses the number based on

according to its (zero-based) index

A name or identification number: Choose a frame based on its name or ID.

Previously discovered WebElement: Select a frame using the previously discovered WebElement.

 

11) Describe five different Selenium web driver exceptions.

You had five separate exceptions with Selenium web drivers.

WebDriverException
NoAlertPresentException
NoSuchWindowException
NoSuchElementException
TimeoutException

 

12) Explain how to perform a double click using Webdriver.

Using the mouse, you can do a double click.

Act = new Actions (driver); act.doubleClick(webelement);

 

13) Syntax- Actions act = new Actions (driver); act.doubleClick(webelement); How will you upload a file with Selenium?

You can enter in a file input box of an upload file using the "type" command. Then, to make file upload work, you must use JAVA's "Robot" class.

 

14) Which implementation of a web driver is the quickest?

HTMLUnitDriver's implementation is the quickest; HTMLUnitDriver does not run tests in the browser but instead sends a plain http request, which is far faster than opening a browser and running tests.

 

15) Can you explain how you can use Selenium 2.0 to manage frames?

You can use the "SwitchTo" frame technique to get control over an HTML frame.

driver.switchTo().frame(“frameName”);

To specify a frame you can use index number

driver.switchTo().frame(“parentFrame.4.frameName”);

This would bring control on frame named- “frameName” of the 4th sub frame names “parentFrame”

 

16) What is the difference between getWindowhandles() and getwindowhandle() ?

getwindowhandles(): It is used to get the address of all the open browser and its return type is Set<String>

getwindowhandle(): It is used to get the address of the current browser where the control is and return type is string

 

17) Explain how you can switch back from a frame?

To switch back from a frame use method defaultContent()

Syntax-driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); 

 

18) What are the many sorts of locators?

There are various sorts of locators.

By.id()

By.name()

By.tagName()

By.className()

By.linkText()

By.partialLinkText()

By.xpath

By.cssSelector()

 

19) In order to display the values of a variable in the output console or log, what command is used?

echo is a command that can be used to display a constant string.

You can use commands like echo $variable name>> to display the value of a variable.

PHP is used in the example above. Replace echo with System.out if you're using Java. println

 

20) Can you explain how you can use Selenium's recovery scenario?

The type of recovery scenario you utilise is determined on the programming language you use. If you're using Java, you can use exception handling to get around the problem. Using the "Try Catch Block" option within Java testing using Selenium WebDriver

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UiPath Interview Questions

UiPath Interview Questions

UiPath Interview Questions

1) What is the add range in UiPath?

The project development team can use UiPath append range to insert or change data in their existing workbook. It can be used to enter data from a workbook. The data will not be overwritten if the developer appends it to the existing data.

 

2) Describe how to use UiPath to generate variables.

In UiPath, there are three ways to create a variable:

The variable tab in the control bar is being used.

The output column and the properties window are used.

Choosing the Create variable option from the ribbon tab.

 

3) Describe how switches work.

Switch activity is used to accept objects based on the values of the designated character. It makes use of the integral argument, which can be altered by choosing it in the properties panel.

He was anticipating a certain argument type.

 

4) Describe the activity as it is taking place.

When a status is valid, activity aids in the preparation of an activity.

 

5) Give an explanation for each activity.

Data tables, arrays, lists, and other collections are used to provide the step for each activity. It allows the programmer to repeat the data and process each piece of data separately.

 

6) What is the main distinction between data scraping and screen scraping?

Screen scraping differs from data scraping in that it is a technique for extracting structured data from a user interface element. Data scraping is a technique for extracting structured data from a document or the internet and saving it to spreadsheets or databases.

 

7) What is the definition of an array?

The array is a sort of variable that may hold a lot of data.

allows programmers to store several values of the same data type in a single location. Arrays are supported by UiPath Studio in a variety of ways. Programmers can generate a wide range of numbers, texts, Boolean, and other types of data.

 

8) How can a database be automated?

Installing Uipath.database from the managed package allows UiPath developers to automate the database. In the activity properties, programmers can supply all of the database's specifics.

 

9) Describe the many sorts of decision-making activities offered in UiPath.

In UiPath, there are four different types of decision activities: 1) If Activity, 2) Switch Activity, 3) Flow Decision, and 4) Switch Decision.

 

10) Mention UiPath Community Edition's restrictions.

The following are the limitations of the UiPath Community Edition:

Every time, the libraries of nugget package managers are removed, and tools ask for activation.

The UiPath Community is a group of people who use UiPath to

There is no UiPath Orchestrator server in this edition.

 

11) What are the different sorts of robots that Orchestrator can configure?

In Orchestrator, there are two sorts of robots that can be configured:

A typical robot is a machine that is solely committed to a single task.

Floating robot: It can work on any standard or template and can use several machines.

 

12) What is a one-of-a-kind activity?

A custom activity is a reusable component that may be customised to meet the needs of a project or a client.

 

13) What are UiPath's reusable components?

Any workflow that is repeated at several places in the

A try block is used to include activities that are likely to fail. A catch block contains activities to be performed after an exception occurs.

 

14) What is the main distinction between an Attended and an Unattended bot?

As if it were a human, the attended bot works on a workstation. It is brought by by the user's activities or behaviours. Unattended robots, on the other hand, labour in abandoned virtual worlds. It has the ability to automate a wide range of processes.

 

15) Describe the UiPath Explorer

The UI Explorer is a tool for creating custom selectors for UI elements. If the UiPath.UIAutomation.Activities package is installed in the Project, it is used.

 

16) What is the main difference between UiPath Step into and UiPath Step in?

The main distinction is that step over can be used to run step-by-step programmes, whereas step over is utilised for quick execution.

 

17) What is the purpose of an output panel?

The output panel is a type of panel that allows the developer to see the execution outcome.

 

18) What is the purpose of an outline panel?

The project structure, all nodes, and variables are all displayed on the Outline panel.

 

19) How can I use UiPath to automate an excel macro?

Excel macro automation

The execute macro activity, which can be found in the manage package pane, is used to use UiPath.

 

20) Make a list of the UiPath sections that are available.

Projects Panel, Activity Panel, Workflow Designer, and Properties Panel are the sections offered in UiPath.

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Top 15 Automation Testing Interview Questions

Top 15 Automation Testing Interview Questions

Top 15 Automation Testing Interview Questions

1) What is the definition of automation testing?

Automation testing is a method of writing and executing test scripts and cases using an automation tool.

Automation Testing's major purpose is to reduce the amount of test cases that must be executed manually, not to completely replace manual testing.

 

2) When are you going to automate a test?

In the following situations, automation is desirable.
Repeated Tasks

Tests for sanity and smoke

Test using a variety of data sets

Cases of regression testing

Typically, the decision is based on the return on investment (ROI) (Return on Investment)

 

3) When are you going to stop automating testing?

In the following situations, automation is not recommended.
When the Application Under Test (AUT) is constantly changing

Test scenarios that are only used once

ad hoc – ad hoc – ad hoc

 

4) What steps does the Automation Process entail?

The steps involved in the automation process are as follows:

Choosing a Test Tool
Define the automation's scope.
Planning, design, and development are all important aspects of any project.
Execution of Tests Maintenance

 

5) What are the points that are covered throughout the automation planning phase?

Things to consider during the automation planning phase are the following:

Choosing the "correct" automation tool
Automation Framework (if applicable) List of in-scope and out-of-scope automation components
Setup of the Test Environment
Preparing a Grant Chart of Project Timelines for the development and execution of test scripts.
Determine the Test Deliverables

 

6) When is it not possible to employ automation testing in the Agile method?

In the following scenarios, automation testing is ineffective for agile methodologies.

Always inquire when doing Agile testing. in the event that requirements alter
When in Agile, a high amount of documentation is necessary
Only appropriate for regression tests such as continuous integration during agile testing.

 

7) What are the most important characteristics of a good automation tool?

Support for test environments and ease of usage
Debugging capabilities are excellent.
Object recognition that is reliable
Ability to test objects and images
Object recognition
Database testing is performed.
Multiple frameworks are supported.

 

8) What are the different types of software automation testing frameworks?

There are four types of frameworks used in software automation testing.

Framework for data-driven automation
Framework for automation based on keywords
Framework for modular automation
Framework for hybrid automation

 

9) What is the norm for scripting while executing automation testing?

When writing automation scripts, keep the following points in mind:

The use of a standard name convention.
For every ten lines of code, there are three lines of comments.
Indentation is sufficient.
Error handling and recovery scenario that is robust
Frameworks should be used whenever possible.

10) What are the most widely used automated testing tools?

For automation testing, the most prevalent test tools are

Rational Robot Selenium

 

11) QTP (HP UFT) On what basis may the success of automation testing be measured?

The success of automation testing can be tracked by using criteria.

Automation execution time and time savings to release the product Defect Detection Ratio
Labor and other costs are reduced.

 

12) Can you describe some of the drawbacks of manual testing?

Manual software testing needs more time and effort.
Inaccuracy Repeating the same test scenario causes errors and is tedious.
Manual testing is impractical for very large projects with tight deadlines.

 

13) Tell me about your knowledge about Selenium.

Selenium is an open source (free) test framework.

library of automation It's used in web and mobile environments to automate them. It is made up of

Selenium IDE (Browser Addon – Record and Playback Tool) is a recording and playback tool for Selenium.
Selenium Grid Selenium WebDriver (Distributed Testing)
Java, C#, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl, and Javascript are all supported by Selenium.

 

14) Describe QTP to me.

HP UFT is the successor of QTP (Quick Test Professional). It's a paid automation tool that works with a variety of test environments, including Web, Desktop, SAP, Delphi, Net, ActiveX, Flex, Java, Oracle, Mobile, PeopleSoft, PowerBuilder, Siebel, Stingray, and Visual Basic.

VBScript is the scripting language. HP ALM (Test Management Tool) and HP LoadRunner work nicely together (Performance Testing Tool).

Business Process Testing, a keyword-driven framework, XML support, robust checkpoints, and test results are just a few of QTP's highlights.

 

15) What exactly is Sikuli?

Sikuli is a graphical user interface automation tool that employs the "Visual Image Match" approach. In Sikuli, all web elements should be saved as images and stored inside the project.

Sikuli is made up of

Sikuli Script is a visual scripting API for Jython that comes with the Sikuli IDE.
Sikuli has a number of practical applications.

It's possible to automate flash webpages or objects with it.
Without relying on internal API support, it can automate window-based applications and anything else you see on the screen.
It has a basic API.
It's simple to connect with tools like Selenium Desktop, and it's possible to automate it.
Sikuli provides a lot of help with automating flash objects.
It employs strong "Visual Match" and Flash objects to automate the desktop.
It can be used on any device.

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Selenium Interview Questions and Answers

Selenium Interview Question and Answers

Selenium Interview Question and Answers

1) What are the WebDriver-supported Mobile Testing Drivers?

WebDriver supported "mobile testing drivers" are:

AndroidDriver
IphoneDriver
OperaMobileDriver

 

2) What are the popular programming languages supported by Selenium WebDriver to write Test Cases?

Selenium WebDriver supports the below languages to write Test Cases.

JAVA
PHP
Python
C#
Ruby
Perl

 

3) What's the difference between keyboard shortcuts and keyboard commands?

In most circumstances, TypeKeys() will produce a JavaScript event, whereas.type() would not.

 

4) What's the difference between the commands "type" and "type and wait"?

The "type" command is used to enter keyboard key values into a software web application's text box. It can also be used to choose values from a combo box, whereas the "type and wait" command is used when you finish typing and the software web page begins to reload. This command will wait for the page of the software program to reload before proceeding. You must use a basic "type" command if there is no page reload event when typing.

 

5) How do you distinguish between findElement() and find element()?

findElement(): Using the provided "locating technique," is used to locate the first element on the current page. It gives you a single WebElement as a result.

find elements() searches the current page for all elements using the supplied "locating mechanism." It gives you a list of web elements as a result.

 

6) What are you waiting for? In selenium, how many different sorts of delays are there?

For AJAX-based applications, Selenium Webdriver introduces the concept of waits. There are two kinds of waiting times:

Waiting Time Implicit Waiting Time Explicit Waiting Time Implicit Waiting Time Exp

 

7) What is the most significant drawback of implicit waiting?

The implicit wait has the main disadvantage of slowing down test performance.

Another drawback of implicit waiting is that:

Assume you've established a waiting time limit of ten Seconds. Because you ordered it to wait a maximum of 10 seconds, and the elements are shown in the DOM in 11 seconds, your tests will fail.

 

8) What is Selenium Grid, and how does it work?

Selenium Grid enables you to deploy your tests across numerous machines at the same time. As a result, the same text script may be used to run tests on both a Windows and a Mac machine. It cuts down on test execution time and gives immediate feedback.

 

9) What are the advantages of automating the testing process?

The following are some of the advantages of automation testing.

It enables the execution of many test scenarios.
It allows for parallel processing.
Unattended execution is encouraged by automation testing.
It improves precision. As a result, it reduces human-caused errors.
It helps you save both time and money.

 

10) What is the best way to acquire the text of a web element?

The get command is used to retrieve the inner text of a web element. The get command takes no parameters and returns a string type value. It's also one of the most commonly used commands for checking messages, labels, and errors, among other things, from web pages.

 

11) How to select a value in a dropdown?

We use the WebDriver's Select class to select the value in the dropdown.

Syntax:

selectByValue:

 
  1. Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_One")));  
  2. selectByValue.selectByValue("green value");  

selectByVisibleText:

 
  1. Select selectByVisibleText = new Select (driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_Two")));  
  2. selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText("Lime");  
  1. Select select index = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_Three")));  
  2. selectByIndex.select index(2);  

 

12) What are the different types of navigation commands?

The navigation commands are as follows.

navigate().back()

The above command needs no parameters and takes back the user to the previous webpage.

Example

driver.navigate().back();
navigate().forward()

The above command allows the user to navigate to the next web page concerning the browser's history.

Example

driver.navigate().forward();
navigate().refresh()

The navigate().refresh() command allows the user to refresh the current web page by reloading all the web elements.

Example

driver.navigate().refresh();
navigate().to()

The navigate().to() command allows the user to launch a new web browser window and navigate to the specified URL.

Example

driver.navigate().to("https://google.com");

 

13) How to deal with frames in WebDriver?

An inline frame abbreviates as an iframe. It is used to insert another document within the current document. These documents can be HTML documents or simply web pages and nested web pages.

Select iframe by id

driver.switch().frame("ID of the frame");
Locating iframe using tagName

driver.switch().frame(driver.find elements(By.tagName("iframe").get(0));
Locating iframe using index

frame(index)

driver.switch().frame(0);
the the the the the the the the the frame (Name of Frame)

driver.switch().frame("name of the frame");
frame(WebElement element)

Select Parent Window

driver.switch().defaultContent();

 

14) Is there an HtmlUnitDriver for .NET?

To use HtmlUnit first use the RemoteWebDriver and pass it in the desired capabilities

IWebDriver driver

= new RemoteWebDriver(DesiredCapabilities.HtmlUnit())

For the Firefox implementation to run, use

IWebDriver driver

= new RemoteWebDriver(DesiredCapabilities.HtmlUnitWithJavaScript())

 

15) How can you redirect browsing from a browser through some proxy?

Selenium facilitates a PROXY class to redirect browsing from a proxy. Look at the example below.

Example

String PROXY = "199.201.125.147:8080";

org.open a.selenium.Proxy proxy = new.org.openqa.selenium.Proxy();

proxy.set HTTP proxy(Proxy)

.setFtpProxy(Proxy)

.setSslProxy(Proxy)

DesiredCapabilities cap = new DesiredCapabilities();

cap.setCapability(CapabilityType.PROXY, proxy);

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(cap);

 

16) What is POM (Page Object Model) and how does it work? What are the benefits?

The Page Object Model is a design approach for storing web UI elements in an object directory. Each web page must have its page class. The page class is in charge of locating WebElements in web pages and performing operations on them.

The following are some of the advantages of adopting POM.
It enhances code readability by separating actions and flows in the UI from Verification.
Because the Object Repository is independent of Test Cases, it can be used for several tests.
Coding reusability

 

17) How to capture screenshots in WebDriver?

Below is the program to capture screenshots in WebDriver.

import org. JUnit.After;
import org. JUnit.Before;
import org. JUnit.Test;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.open a.selenium.OutputType;
import org.open a.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.open a.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.open a.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class TakeScreenshot {
WebDriver driver;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
drv.get("https://google.com");
}
@After
public void tearDown() throws Exception {
drv.quit();
}

@Test
public void test() throws IOException {
//capture the screenshot
File scrFile = ((TakeScreenshot)drv).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
// paste the screenshot to the desired location
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("C:\\Screenshot\\Scr.jpg"))
}
}

 

18) How to type text in a textbox using Selenium?

The sendKeys("String to be entered") is used to enter the string in a textbox.

Syntax

WebElement username = drv.findElement(By.id("Email"));
// entering username
username.sendKeys("sth");

 

19) How can you find if an element is displayed on the screen?

WebDriver allows users to check the visibility of the web elements. These web elements can be buttons, radio buttons, drop, checkboxes, boxes, labels, etc. which are used with the following methods.

is displayed()
isSelected()
isEnabled()
Syntax:

is displayed():
boolean buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfba")).isDisplayed();
isSelected():
boolean buttonSelected = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfba")).isSelected();
isEnabled():
boolean searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfb")).isEnabled();

 

20) How to click on a hyperlink using link text?

driver.findElement(By.linkText("Google")).click();
The above command searches the element using a link text, then click on that element, and thus the user will be redirected to the corresponding page.

The following command can access the link mentioned earlier.

driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Goo")).click();

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RPA Uipath Interview Questions

RPA Uipath Interview Questions

RPA Uipath Interview Questions

1) In UiPath, what is sequence activities?

The sequence is a minor project type that clears the way for moving from one activity to the next. It's designed to be used as a single activity block. These blocks can be reused by developers several times.

 

2) What is a machine's state?

A state of the machine refers to the several states that a machine must go through while performing a single operation. When an action is triggered, it can go through a variety of stages.

 

3) Describe the many sorts of recordings that are accessible in UiPath.

In UiPath, there are five different sorts of recordings: 1) Basic, 2) Desktop, 3) WEB, 4) Citrix, and 5) Image.

 

4) In UiPath, what is the assigned activity?

 

In UiPath, assign activity allows you to delegate tasks to people. to a variety of variables

 

5) What is the most significant distinction between UiPath and Selenium?

Selenium is designed to test websites or web applications, whereas UiPath is built to test UiPath. Selenium, on the other hand, is RPA software that automates the software development process.

 

6) Make a list of everything that can be automated with RPA.

RPA can automate the following tasks:

The website is used to generate reports.
Work on data gathering and manipulation.
Gather information from a variety of sources.
Email sharing is possible.
Data entering is effective.
In the system, there is daily and recurring work.

 

7) In UiPath, what is a generic variable?

A generic variable is a type of variable that can hold any data type, including integers, dates, arrays, and strings.

 

8) Describe the various types of OCR engines on the market.

1) Google Cloud OCR, 2) Microsoft Cloud OCR, 3) Microsoft OCR, 4) Google OCR, and 5) Abbyy Cloud OCR are examples of OCR engines.

 

9) Why is Element Exists required?

It's used to see if something is true or not. UI Element is present or absent during programme execution. Only Boolean is supported by Element.

 

10) What are the main points of dispute in UiPath?

In UiPath, contention allows developers to submit a claim for project enhancement.

 

11) Describe the role of the package manager.

In UiPath, a package manager is a collection of components that allows you to automate a process. Frameworks, libraries, and wrappers are all part of a package manager.

 

12) What is UiPath's automated recording feature?

There is a feature in UiPath that allows developers to automatically record actions. It is simple to customise and parameterize for programmers.

 

13) Provide a list of UiPath's variable error handling operations.

In UiPath, error capturing operations include:

Workflow should be ended.
Try your hand at Catch Throw Catch.

 

14) Describe the email protocols that UiPath supports.

IMAP, GET, Outlook, POP3, and more email protocols are accessible in UiPath.

 

15) Describe the activity of Delay.

In UiPath, the delay action is used to pause or stop automation for a period of time. It's mainly employed in projects when there's a requirement for waiting time before starting a specific programme. Delay activity is also useful for applications that need to wait for data to be processed.

 

16) Describe the UiPath Do While Activity.

When the condition is true, the do while action allows programmers to execute the specific component of automation. The loop, however, cannot be performed if the mention condition is false.

It's utilised to navigate through the elements that are there. Doing something while doing something else can let you repeat an action several times.

 

17) Explain the notion of project debugging in UiPath.

The debugging concept is used to locate and display errors in a certain project. It has breakpoints as well as logging. Debugging additionally allows you to gather information about the project and step by step highlight the error.

 

18) What does "publishing an automation project" mean?

The automation package must be published before it may be archived. The relevant files are kept in a separate folder in preparation for sending it to a robot and executing it.

 

19) Describe the hardware requirements for the Blue Prism Robotic Automation Platform.

Developers can use a front-office or back-office process to create software. It can run on any computer with a desktop.

 

20) Can you tell me what the session variable is?

In UiPath, the session variable is a reference to one of the instance's processes. If the process runs many processes at the same time, the session variables may be the same but with different values.

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